殘余應(yīng)力是材料在變形過(guò)程中或鑄件生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的不均衡塑性變形，或是對(duì)它們進(jìn)行機(jī)械加工、熱處理及焊 接等作業(yè)時(shí)所引進(jìn)的。軋制板材時(shí)，若軋直徑小，則在表層產(chǎn)生壓縮殘余應(yīng)力，若軋輥直徑大如平整一壓光軋制時(shí)，則板材表層部分為拉伸應(yīng)力而在中 心部分為壓縮應(yīng)力。
Residual stress refers to the unbalanced plastic deformation of materials in the process of deformation or casting production, or is introduced when they are machined, heat treated and welded. When rolling the plate, if the rolling diameter is small, the compressive residual stress will appear on the surface. If the roll diameter is large, such as flat calendering rolling, the tensile stress will appear on the surface and the compressive stress will appear on the center.
軋制后板材沿厚度在軋制方向上表層殘余著拉應(yīng)力，內(nèi)層金屬殘余著壓應(yīng)力，固溶處理時(shí)板材被加熱到再結(jié)晶溫度以上，軋制過(guò)程中所形成的殘余內(nèi)應(yīng)力得以消除。
After rolling, the residual tensile stress in the surface layer and the residual compressive stress in the inner layer along the rolling direction of the thickness of the plate. During solution treatment, the plate is heated above the recrystallization temperature, and the residual internal stress formed in the rolling process is eliminated.

將加熱后的板材快速放入冷水槽中或噴水淬火，此時(shí)由于表面金屬冷 卻得比內(nèi)層的快，淬火初期表層金屬劇冷、急劇收縮，基于板材的整體性，表層金屬產(chǎn)生拉應(yīng)力，內(nèi)層金屬產(chǎn)生壓應(yīng)力，隨著板材的進(jìn)一步冷 卻，使內(nèi)層金屬劇冷、急劇收縮，使應(yīng)力重新分配，導(dǎo)致表層金屬殘余壓應(yīng)力內(nèi)層金屬殘余拉應(yīng)力，與其軋制過(guò)程殘余的內(nèi)應(yīng)力分布規(guī)律正好相反。
The heated plate is quickly put into a cold water bath or quenched by water spray. At this time, because the surface metal cools faster than the inner layer, the surface metal cools sharply and shrinks sharply at the initial stage of quenching. Based on the integrity of the plate, the surface metal generates tensile stress and the inner metal generates compressive stress. With the further cooling of the plate, the inner metal cools sharply and shrinks sharply, which redistributes the stress, The results show that the residual compressive stress of the surface metal and the residual tensile stress of the inner metal are opposite to the distribution of the residual internal stress in the rolling process.
殘余應(yīng)力大小決定于材料性質(zhì)、形狀及熱處理?xiàng)l件等。就材料性質(zhì)來(lái)說(shuō)，在一般情況下，熱導(dǎo)率越高、熱膨脹系數(shù)越小彈性模量越低、高溫強(qiáng)度越低，殘余應(yīng)力就越小。
The magnitude of residual stress depends on material properties, shape and heat treatment conditions. In general, the higher the thermal conductivity, the smaller the coefficient of thermal expansion, the lower the modulus of elasticity and the strength at high temperature, the smaller the residual stress.
此外，鑄造、焊 接等過(guò)程中都會(huì)引起殘余應(yīng)力，零件裝配不當(dāng)也會(huì)引發(fā)殘余應(yīng)力，甚至?xí)r效處理也會(huì)有殘余應(yīng)力，并引起尺寸的微小變化，在復(fù)合材料中由于材料性質(zhì)的不同，不可避免地存在著殘余應(yīng)力。
In addition, casting, welding and other processes will cause residual stress, improper assembly of parts will also cause residual stress, even aging treatment will also have residual stress, and cause small changes in size. In composite materials, due to different material properties, there are inevitably residual stress.